Management And Business Contexts Fashion †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Examine About The Management And Business Contexts Fashion? Answer: Presentation: Design and Trend is another clothing store that would give Australian people group western wear frill and attire and will be situating itself as the top retail boutique offering support specifically advertise. The target of opening boutique is to make a shopping situation that takes into account attire needs of urban Australian ladies and young ladies in Brisbane, Queensland. The strategic association is to offer name brand and quality western wear in an arrangement of styles and sizes for obliging changing shapes and styles of body. Directing statistical surveying has lead to think of realities that would prompt accomplishment of store if barely any focuses are thought about. The objective base of Brisbane ought to be furnished with an arrangement of sizes for fitting abundant base. Store is required to pull in target client base by publicizing and advancing its items (Chatzoudes et al, 2015). Hierarchical structure for Boutique garments store: Since Boutique store is a new company, it has a basic hierarchical structure. Choices are taken in accordance with the targets of stores. Level of solidarity, shortcoming, skill and destinations frames the premise of designation of undertakings to representatives. Mill operator Jackson will be going about as general trough of store. He is the senior supervisor and co proprietor who might be liable for all the buying, inventories, managerial and advancement work. The supervisory group of association includes just co proprietor and its proprietor. General way will going about as low maintenance delegate for deals. Jackson has a broad encounter advertising, buying and stock control. He has likewise involvement with tasks and records office for more than eight years. The staff plan of boutique store would involve two full time representatives and tow low maintenance representatives working 20 to 25 hours out of every week. All the representatives inside the store are urged to be at their physical, inventive and scholarly best. The basic wellspring of achievement of business is furnishing clients with high level of administration by outfitting workers with abilities and innovative character (Dumas et al., 2014). In at regular intervals, the exhibition of representatives will be assessed and surveyed dependent on their degree of efficiency. Outside and interior natural powers affecting the boutique store: A portion of the outside components affecting the store can be recorded down as underneath: Financial variables The Boutique dress store is exceptionally affected by the monetary components. Deals of results of apparel store are affected by monetary components and they would be required to sell their item at marked down cost during the downturn time frame (Wheelen et al., 2017). There would be sway on benefits produced by store because of financial components. Political and legitimate elements different lawful and political variables impacts the garments business, for example, work laws and laborers right. Creation of store is affected by laborers picketing their dress businesses. Benefit and deals of little retail attire store is additionally influenced if association pick pocket retailer and they are known abusing kid work laws (Sadgrove, 2016). Mechanical components Demand, assets and creation are the elements concerning innovation influencing the apparel stores. Little dress stores are required to keep themselves refreshed with new style patterns for procuring piece of the overall industry. Contenders Fashion and Trend boutique will confront rivalry from Xenia and Calexico, Samantha Ogilvie boutique store. There are numerous little run family retail boutique stores selling larger part of Western wear attire and according to the statistical surveying and measurements, 75% of western clothing is gotten from these areas (Harmon, 2015). The brand personality of design and pattern store would be work by different variables that will help in building faithful client base and increasing the value of product. A feeling of holding and culture will be made by offering items and displaying extravagance ladies wear. Client factors-Demographic, ways of life, standards, culture and change in populace are a portion of the full scale ecological elements affecting the accomplishment of stores. Inner condition affecting boutique stores: Quality The developing base of clients, understanding dress industry and planning to furnish clients with extraordinary shopping experience are some of design and patterns qualities. Shortcoming Fashion and Trend is a specialty advertise in spite of the market is enormous. Opportunity-Growing retail business of dress stores and there can be rehash business by giving remarkable shopping experience. Dangers New boutique stores that can be opened in future and dangers from existing stores are dangers. Viability and cost of showcasing for ladies is another danger. Dangers going up against the boutique store: The focused on clients are uncovered with wide exhibit of bleeding edge adornments and items by gazing the apparel boutique stores. There are industry wide dangers related with gazing a garments store. A portion of the dangers going up against the dress store are as per the following: Pattern investigation Assessment of pattern is the significant dangers related with opening attire boutique store. A portion of the patterns in design and apparel industry are ever changing, whimsical and ambiguous. There can be confounded brand substance and unsure validity if any slip up is taken by fire up (Fadun, 2013). Promoting Marketing methodologies bring about high measure of dangers for the apparel stores. Likewise o this, it is basic for the brand to receive itself to the changing economic situations. It is fundamental for business to focus on the crowd by coordinating to the segment. The executives of stock It is required by proprietor of apparel store to have sufficient gracefully of garments accessible in various shading and sizes. On other hand, steep misfortunes may be brought about by business by obtaining extreme inventories and selling them at markdown costs. It would likewise bring about exorbitant stockpiling costs (Ebert et al., 2014). Moreover, there are dangers related with purchasing at the maximum by such boutiques. Scene of business-Considerable measure of dangers presented to the proprietor of dress business because of its very nature. It is required by the faculty and staffs of dress business to perform host of side undertakings and working late hours in end of the week. Strategic policies improving the hierarchical presentation: A thin objective market is by and large served by garments boutique stores. It is significant for boutiques to perceive the significance of advertising technique and join the equivalent into their business practice. The advancement of retail business is finished by receiving the objective market crusade, neighborhood media inclusion and direct advertising effort. The business practice is additionally including blend with downtown shippers and office of trade. Another business practice is following general design patterns in regards to the inclinations of clients and addressing the necessities of customers by fitting their inventories. The claim to fame of the store is center around shading, styles that are fit to compliment gen X-er of females. The primary staple of store will be attire, for example, formal wear, business wear, dress wear alongside extras and this will help in sectioning the market and consequently picking up the specific fragments and procuring piece of the overall industry. The exhibition of association would be improved by growing and upgrading the product offerings that will help in building the business. It will empower in giving client well disposed shopping experience as an ever increasing number of clients are searching for change (Jeston Nelis, 2014). This would upgrade the exhibition of association by grapping the main clients and market procurement. The center business practice is to have the blend of proficient and outstanding client care having stock style with quality. There would be figure complimenting for ladies by offering clients with wide in vogue garments. It will help store in building a brand name that will be comparable with the upset of design industry. Significant elements of boutique store and identifying with its presentation: Style and pattern boutique will work intimately with the makers for using line sheets and item lists. The items will be put while week by week and month to month reorders and by looking into new items. Store plans to give female and great styles at its best The shipment and conveyances of store will be dealt with by certain go-betweens that would guarantee smooth gracefully of the items advertised. There will be a support of definite records of the all the client, their size and buy records, in house limited time buy and brand for client follow up The shipment and conveyances of store will be dealt with by certain mediators that would guarantee smooth gracefully of the items offered (Fleischmann et al., 2014). It is fundamental for store to upgrade the imaginative just as business side. Improvement of forward and imaginative style is the most significant capacity of business. Another capacity is to instruct the objective clients about expensive things accessible in the market and sold by the store. The worth gave must act naturally obvious that would be experienced by clients by feeling it and wearing it. This would improve the deal made by business and consequently lifting its benefit. End: From the above examination of outside and interior business condition, it very well may be said that Fashion and Trends has adequate business openings on the off chance that they can adjust their business goals to promoting system. The objective market ought to be gotten to by following legitimate advertising procedures. Different elements of store are intended for accomplishing the presentation of association. Reference: Chatzoudes, D., Chatzoglou, P., Vraimaki, E. (2015). The focal job of information the executives in business operation

Issues in the correctional system, the case study analysis of facility

Issues in the restorative framework, the examination of office murder - Case Study Example Besides, it clarifies the necessities of diminishing the freedoms given to the detainees in America. As indicated by Ikilo, (n.d.), it is the obligation of The Federal Bureau of Prisons to â€Å"protect society by keeping wrongdoers in the controlled situations of detainment facilities and network based offices that are protected, compassionate, cost-effective, and suitably secure, and that give work and other personal growth chances to help guilty parties in turning out to be well behaved citizens† (Ikilo, n.d.). Nonetheless, no one ponders the wellbeing of prison guards while saying volumes regarding the security of the general population. It ought to be noticed that huge numbers of the prison guards working in American correctional facilities are females. They had to communicate with a large number of the in-your-face lawbreakers who have less confidence in mankind and more confidence in remorselessness. A considerable lot of the hoodlums in remedial framework are sex guilt y parties. In addition, it is very conceivable that even typical lawbreakers may become sex guilty parties in prisons since they are not getting any chances to calm their sex vitality. Numerous examinations have demonstrated that homosexuality is normal in American prisons. This is a direct result of the absence of chances for heterosexuality in prisons. Under such conditions, the rationale of asking ladies officials to work in American correctional facilities can be flawed. The evil destiny endured by Marsha Wills point towards the significant issues winning in American correctional facilities which needs prompt consideration from the specialists. This paper attempts to distinguish the issues, and make proposals on the most proficient method to improve the restorative framework dependent on the given contextual investigation. Significant issues winning in American remedial framework James (2010) brought up that â€Å"In Makeshift camp, a famous convict camp in the Arizona desert t hat comes up short on even fundamental cooling, temperatures consistently top 130 degrees, causing no limit of warmth related medical issues among its internees† (James, 2010). Absence of essential day to day environments may cause trouble in the brains of individuals and on account of crooks, such pain may bring about surprising results. Larger part of the crooks in American correctional facilities are driving a no expectation life. For instance, life detainment in American methods the guilty party ought to go through his outstanding time on earth range in prisons. He may not get enough open doors for parole or probation. The US is the main nation where adolescents are serving life detainment without any chance to appeal under the purported life implies life arrangement. Just the US and Somalia have would not confirm the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which precludes life sentences with no way of discharge for violations submitted before the age of 18 (Pilkington, 2011). Despite the fact that America is accepted to be the most acculturated nation on the planet, they are not so at any rate as far as considering crooks who got life condemning. In different nations, for example, India, life detainment implies just multi year prison term. Besides, during this 15-year prison term itself the criminal can invest loads of energy outside for the sake of parole. The individuals who are acting nicely in Indian prisons, may get paroles every now and again. At the end of the day, lawbreakers in Indian correctional facilities have trust in a future life outside the prison grounds. The occurrences or the homicide of Marsha Wills in the given case ought to be investigated in the above setting. John James, the 52

Fort Lauderdale

Fort Lauderdale Fort Lauderdale lô ´d?rdal [key], residential, commercial, and resort city (1990 pop. 149,377), seat of Broward co., SE Fla., on the Atlantic coast; settled around a fort built (c.1837) in the Seminole War , inc. 1911. On the New River and a navigable canal to Lake Okeechobee , the city is interwoven with more than 270 mi (435 km) of natural and artificial waterways. It has one of the largest marinas in the world and one of the most popular beaches in the country; tourism and recreation are economic mainstays. The city's manufactures include boats and yachts, and there is a wide variety of small businesses. A large retired community is there. Among Fort Lauderdale institutions are the Broward Center for the Performing Arts, the Museum of Art, the Museum of Discovery and Science, Nova Southeastern Univ., and a campus of Florida Metropolitan Univ. Nearby Port Everglades is a major artificial port with heavy passenger and freight traffic. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

The Overview of Childhood Obesity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2269 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/22 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Obesity is a current health epidemic that has dreadful consequences for Americas health, particularly among low-income children and adolescents. The rising rate of obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is now one of the most grave public health challenges facing the US. However, underlying causes for this increase are unclear. This literature studies several of the factors that place low-income children at risk for developing obesity; psychological, environmental, and biological. This investigation will show that none of these particular factors operate in isolation but are torturously intertwined, as suggested the Biopsychosocial model of Disease provided by Psychology. The findings indicated that participants weight was most influenced by family lifestyle and school environment factors. More proper education and prevention methods are essential in creating a safer healthcare system that provides maximal quality of life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Overview of Childhood Obesity" essay for you Create order The Overview of Childhood Obesity Obesity is a critical health problem that is increasing worldwide, and in the United States in particular. In the US, the percentage of children and teens affected by obesity has more than tripled since 1970s ( Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). According to a survey conducted and published in JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, seven states have self-reported obesity rates surpassing 35%, according to new data from the CDC, up from the comparison in 2012 in which all states were lower than 35% (Bridget Kuehn, MSJ, 2018). Excess weight is not just a matter of physical appearance. The concerns about the increasing prevalence of obesity are founded in the association between obesity and adverse health outcomes and increased health expenditures. Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of numerous comorbidities, including high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, osteoarthritis, asthma, and gallbladder disease. An alarming fact of this epidemic is that children are increasingly becoming obese. Data collected from the CDC during the years 2015-2016 show that nearly 1 in 5 school age children and young people (6 to 19 years) in the United States has obesity ( Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). Adolescents who are Black or Hispanic or live in poverty are at almost twice the risk for being overweight as non-Hispanic white youth. These children will become more susceptible to a poorer quality of life plagued by various illnesses, low energy and eventually low esteem. There is a magnitude of factors that lead children to overeat, make innutritious diet choices, and not exercise consistently. Of great concern is that children who are overweight or obese are also more likely to be overweight or obese as adults (Freedman Et Al., 2005; Wang, 2008). Psychology, as a science of human behavior, offers a powerful perspective on the interwoven nature of these factors and can point the way towards the development of successful interventions to halt the march of this epidemic. However, this research has largely ignored the role of rising income. Studies that have examined the role of income on obesity within the United States have been unable to account for the potential endogeneity and reverse causality between income and weight and obesity prevalence. Social and Enviromental Factors With the numerous medical concerns obesity causes, childhood obesity affects childrens social and emotional health. Obese adolescents are often bullied and/or teased because they are overweight. They face being exiled from activities, particularly sports. These negative social issues lead to low self esteem, low self confidence within themselves (Sahoo, K., Sahoo, B., 2015). The negative issues of childhood obesity presented can be life altering to children. The consequences of being an obese child tend to contribute to difficulty in weight management. Obese children shy away the public eye to protect themselves from negative comments and unwanted attention; retreating to safe places, such as their homes (Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., 2015). The social factors intertwined with being apart of a low income family, the pressure on the child surmounts anything one could imagine. Low income families are faced with various obstacles that prevent them from obtaining a healthy lifestyle regimen, thus socioeconomic status tends to play a significant role in the obesity epidemic (Lobstein, T., Jackson-Leach, R., 2015). Environmental factors that include; low-income, lack of access to healthy food choices, and lack of resources within the confines of the community can definitely contribute to obesity. Approximately 23.5 million people within the United State live what the United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) labels a food desert; an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food (United States Department of Agriculture, 2009). Within these low-income communities, the only places residents are able to buy food are fast-food restaurants and gas stations that offer sugary, fatty, and processed products according to the Food Research and Action Center (FRAC). These restaurants serve many energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods at relatively low prices. Fast food consumption is associated with a diet high in calories and low in nutrients, and frequent consumption may lead to weight gain (Powell Nguyen, 2013). According to researchers at the Rudd Center suggest that despite the addition of some healthy kids meal options, less than 1% of all kids meal combinations 33 out of 5,427 possible meals met recommended nutrition standards (Yale, Rudd Center 2013). These hyperpalatable foods served at Burger King, and or McDonalds, for instance, are much higher in fats, sugar and sodium than healthier foods choice (i.e. vegetables and fruits). In addition to the lack of access to healthy food options, parents within these communities work long hours outside of the household. Which leaves the parent(s) not having the adequate time to prepare healthy meals at home, making it harder to set up a routine of eating quality food. A childs environment and mind is also flooded with the presence of media. Typically children spend 44.5 hours a week in front of electronic screens. Watching television has been directly linked to obesity in childhood, with a rate of obesity that is 8.3-times greater in children who watch more than 5 hours of television per day compared with those who watch up to 2 hours of television per day (Proctor MH et al. (2003). Adolescents aged 9-14 spend over 20 percent of waking hours watching television, compared to 9 percent on hobbies and 3.5 percent on homework. The average American teen spends about 20 hours a week watching television, with the heaviest viewers coming from low-income households (Irimia R, Gottschling M 2016). Electronic use time amounts to nine hours a day for children of minorities, more than the six hours a day watched by Caucasian children. Not only are adolescents moving less when they watch television, but they are also more exposed to the medias message. Low-income children are exposed to disproportionately more marketing and advertising for obesity-promoted products that encourage the consumption of unhealthful foods (fast food, sugar infested beverages) and discourage physical activity (television shows, video games) according to a report issued by the Institute of Medicine (2013). Approximately 0% of the commercials broadcast on childrens networks are for fruit or vegetables, while about 34% of the commercials are for candy and snacks. Such advertising has a particularly strong influence on the preferences, diets, and of children, who are the targets of these marketing efforts (Institute of Medicine, 2013). Media outlets are not the only culprits; children exposed to marketing by advertising on billboards, on buses, and at school in vending machines. The marketing is very exploitative, for adolescents under the age of 10 do not comprehend the sole intent behind these ads. Simply viewing a commercial once can create a preference for a child, impacting what the child will begin to ask their parents to buy (Harris, Bargh, Brownell, 2009). Psychological Risk Factors Psychological factors affecting other medical conditions is diagnosed when attitudes or behaviors have a negative effect on a medical disorder that the person has. Peoples attitudes or behavior can negatively affect any disorder (such as obesity, heart disease and or diabetes). An enormous number of studies have revealed that the initial food environment of obese children differs distinctly from other children. Adolescents who are obese frequently eat a bigger portion of food and the quality of food is often high in calories. These individuals often have raised food portion sizes, increased calorie intake and eat less fruits and vegetables from an early age compared to normal weight children of the same age (Bammann, K., 2014). Obese children tend to have less hours of physical activity and spend more time using electronics. This inactive lifestyle combined with high caloric intake contributes to obesity. It is well documented that a large number of children with pediatric obesity have parents and or family who are obese as well. Parents who are obese contribute to specific food environments, that are created at a young age. The underlying basis of obesity and eating disorders tend to lie in some grouping of psychosocial, environmental, and genetic attributes. Individuals who suffer from mental disorder (e.g. eating disorder, depression, and anxiety) may have more trouble controlling their food intake, obtaining the adequate amount of exercise and maintaining a healthy weight. Those who suffer from obesity, tend to use food as a coping mechanism, particularly when they are stressed, feeling isolated, sad and or anxious. Many of these individuals there seems to be a perpetual cycle of mood swings, gluttony and weight gain. When in a mood of distress, these individuals turn to food to cope, and to comfort them which may result in temporary attenuation of their current mood. The weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress. The guilt they accumulate tends to reactivate the cycle, leading to a ongoing pattern of using food to cope with their emotions. Mental factors also play a real role in increasing the risk for childhood obesity by influencing dietary choices. Due to the fact children are very dependent on their parents for providing food, their parents choices largely determine their diets. The development of childrens food preferences involves a complex interplay of genetic, familial, and psychological factors. There is evidence of a strong genetic influence on appetite traits in children, but environment plays an important role in modeling childrens eating behaviors. Parents use a variety of strategies to influence childrens eating habits, some of which are counterproductive. Overcontrol, restriction, pressure to eat, and a promise of rewards have negative effects on childrens food acceptance. Parents food preferences and eating behaviors give an opportunity to model good eating habits. Satiety is closely related to diet composition, and foods with low energy density contribute to prevent overeating. Parents should be informed about the consequences of an unhealthy diet and lifestyle and motivated to change their nutritional habits (Scaglioni, S., De Cosmi, V., 2018). Biological Risk Factors Biological factors, such as exercise activity and sleep amount, also play a significant role in maintaining health. Physical activity controls weight by stimulating the metabolic, endocrine, and hormone processes of the body. Regrettably, adolescents have become increasingly lazy over recent years. Children who live in low-income neighborhoods have even fewer opportunities to safely exercise partly due to the fewer parks, green spaces, bike paths, and recreational facilities than are found in high-income communities, making it problematic to live a physically active lifestyle (FRAC, 2013). Due to high crime rate, and other safety concerns, children and adults, alike, are more likely to stay indoors and engage in inactive activities, such as watching television or playing video games. This lack of physical activity is established by the fact that less than 20% of ethnic minority adolescents participate in youth sports (Wijtzes, A. I., Jansen, W., 2014). Along with parents who do not participate in any physical activity themselves, adolescents arent given many examples of what being active looks like. Another biological risk factor for obesity is the quality and measure of ones sleep. Research has shown that interrupted sleep interferes with the bodys ability to effectively process fats and calories by altering hormone production (Myers, D. 2011). When a person is suffering from sleep deprivation, there is an increase in ghrelin in the intestines, which creates an appetite and creates the hunger feeling. Also, proteins, and leptin, which creates a feeling of being full, decreases; and, the stress-related hormone, cortisol, which leads to fat storage, increases. A person who does not sleep well will obviously feel tired and have less energy to exercise and carry out their daily routine. Conclusion This study was conducted to gain an understanding of how social-environmental, psychological and biological factors including family lifestyle, culture, neighborhood environment, and social environment that were present during participants childhood, impact obesity. The tangled nature of the risk factors for childhood obesity may seem impossible to overcome and leave doctors, researchers, and policy makers feeling hopeless about putting a halt to this epidemic. However, the biopsychosocial model of disease used by psychologists demonstrates that it is within this very interplay of biological, environmental and psychological factors that we can find optimism. The biopsychosocial model advocates that by creating even a slight change in a childs behavior, a well-designed intervention program has the potential to decrease obesity by creating a ripple effect that will be felt within the system. As a captive audience, children ages eight through twelve years experience the most exposure to these ads that infiltrate their minds with negative notions for healthy eating, exercising and caring about your health. It is perfect the age(s) to approach adolescents with new and convincing ideas that allow for the beginning of new, empowering thoughts about developing a healthy body. Numerous of American children have become fixed on a malicious biological, psychological/mental, and social cycle that is directing them towards a sustained future suffering from obesity. Yet, psychology permits us to recognize that due to the linked nature of the factors causing obesity, this cycle also has a solution.

8 Benefits of Time Management in College

Yes, there are benefits to learning how to manage your time -- everyone seems to know that. But what exactly do the benefits of time management look like to college students in particular? Is good time management really worth all of the time and effort? 8 Benefits of Good Time Management in College You wont miss important life deadlines. Life deadlines and projects are those things that keep your life on track. It may include turning in your FAFSA on time, getting your form in early so you have guaranteed on-campus housing next year, remembering to get your moms birthday present in the mail so it arrives on time. When your time management is bad, life can get ugly in an instant.You wont miss important academic deadlines. Paper coming up? Lab report due? Group assignment on the horizon? Missing academic deadlines means you may miss out on being able to stay in school. Having good time management, on the other hand, means you get your assignments in on time -- and get a little sleep the night before theyre due.You have more time to sleep well, eat right, and exercise regularly. Good time management means you have more time in general. And the better you treat your body, the better it treats you. Putting a little energy into time management now means youll have more energy to get through your days (and workload) later.Youll have less stress. Good time management means that horrible paper you have to write gets done in a reasonable amount of time with relatively little stress. Its a much better approach than facing a panic attack the night before a deadline.Youll have more time to just relax and enjoy your time in school. Lets be honest: Even if you do decide to throw caution to the wind and just hang out with some friends in the quad, that research paper youre avoiding is still fluttering around in the back of your brain. When youre good at managing your time, you can really let yourself relax, knowing that the time youll need to rock that paper has already been allocated in your schedule.Youll have more flexibility and spontaneity. When youre always behind and late on projects, you dont have the time -- or mental ability -- to just relax and enjoy, say, the spontaneous gathering in your residence hall or your roommates surprise birthday party.Things will be easier for your friends and family. You know what its like to have a friend who is always late: things can become trying after a while. Finally getting on top of your time management and turning into an independent adult who can run his or her own life will make things incredibly easier on your friends and family (not to mention yourself).Good time management skills will help you in your post-college life. Think your always-late, always-behind pattern is going to change once you graduate? Think again. Taking the time to learn and make permanent strong time management skills will serve you well in your life after college. After all, how can you go out and change the world if youre always running behind -- and late?

Macroecenomics Free Essays

Everyone’s Biggest Nightmare Ask anyone; the biggest nightmare out there is unemployment. It’s something that no one ever wants to face in their lifetime. It effects not only their sleep and dreams, but their reality as well, which makes it worse than other nightmares. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroecenomics or any similar topic only for you Order Now It effects how you live, how you eat, how you are able to present yourself to others, and so much more. You need money to function in this modern day world and you need a job in order to get that money. Unemployment also alters the economy. With more people unemployed, less money is filtered through to the government because people are trying to save their money and buy less. Being unemployed changes everything. â€Å"Unemployment occurs when an individual is without a job, or work, or is not actively seeking a job,† according to Wikipedia’s article broaching the subject. No real solution has been created to cure, or stop unemployment because the causes of unemployment stem out from so many different problems, both personal and economical. An example of a personal affair dealing with unemployment would be that while an employer cannot just simply fire you, in most cases, they can begin to make the workplace uncomfortable so you leave or wish to leave. An economical example would be like during times of recession, where unemployment rates are incredibly low, employers do not have the means of supporting a certain number of employees and are forced to let some of them go. There are also several different types of unemployment, the two main versions being structural and frictional. Structural Unemployment is based upon structural problems concerning the economy and different variations of supply and demand. While no real causes have been solidified, arguments blame disruptive technology and globalization. Frictional Unemployment focuses on voluntary decisions by an individual to work. Entry wages and wage rates are often the largest factor that effects the decision to take a job or not to. But nowadays, structural unemployment is the most common form of unemployment in the U. S. In January, the unemployment rate increased to 7. 9%. The unemployment rate is calculated by taking the number of the unemployed and dividing it by the labor force. Then you times it by a hundred and you get the percentage of unemployment, or the unemployment rate. President Obama’s expensive â€Å"stimulus† plan was supposed to bring that number down to 5. % by now, but it hasn’t. The economic state isn’t improving and, in the article U. S. Unemployment: Our Long Economic Nightmare Continues, it is stated that the economic growth isn’t growing at all. There is something seriously wrong with our economy today, but economists can’t understand what it is or how to fix it . No one person can directly effect the economy so little changes must be made in order for the economy to get better at all. Like stated in the book, losing a job can be the most distressing economic event in a person’s life. People rely on earnings from work to maintain their standard of living. Losing a job can create problems concerning both the present and the future. It lowers your standard of living and you struggle to make ends meet. It creates anxiety about the future, about how things will pan out, and about how it will effect the other members of your immediate family. Losing a job can even lower your self esteem. Bringing in money and contributing to the pay of important necessities, like bills or food items or clothing, can bring about a sense of personal accomplishment to an individual. The normal rate of unemployment in which the rate is able to fluctuate is called the natural rate of unemployment, while the deviation of unemployment from it’s natural rate is called cyclical unemployment. The normal rate of unemployment and cyclical unemployment effect the rates of unemployment each year. No matter what we do, there is always some version or form of unemployment, even if the economy is doing really, really well. There are four different reasons for this. First off, it takes time for unemployed individuals to search for find jobs that are suited towards their ideal way of living and to their standard means of living. Another reason there is always unemployment fluctuating within an economy is that the number of jobs available may be insufficient to give a job to everyone, everyone who wants a job, that is. When the quantity of work exceeds the amount demanded, this particular example occurs. The third reason is the availability of jobs and the best way to search for them. Although we have been gifted with the Internet, we still struggle to to find jobs. The last problem is Unemployment Insurance. While they may not necessarily mean to, the program increases the amount of frictional unemployment. My dad lost his job last summer. He’d been working for the company for years, but due to the economy, his position wasn’t viewed as a necessity and they ended up letting him go. It was horrible because we went from living well below our means to living well above. Our only income was a teacher’s salary, which isn’t much for a family of five. The first week of unemployment was spent in shock. My dad, mom, and I sat at the kitchen table and discussed possible outcomes and solutions to our newest problem. While my dad searched for jobs at home on the computer, I did house work and yard work for our neighbors to help bring in some kind of income. It was so stressful. We couldn’t just go out to eat anymore, we had to actually cook because it was cheaper. Books, movies, things that we could just run out and get when we were bored couldn’t happen anymore. Before we did anything, took any kind of trip, we had to plan out exactly how much everything would cost. It really changed me and the perspective I had on life. In a few years, I will be moving out on my own and it will be up to me to make sure I have enough money to live comfortably. Like when my dad was unemployed, I will have to watch every penny like a hawk and make sure my money is well spent. It’s challenging and something everyone will witness at some point in their lifetime, whether it effects them directly or they are watching from the sidelines. It really is America’s most common and largest nightmare. Works Cited: â€Å"Unemployment. † Wikipedia. N. p. , 01 Feb 2013. Web. 6 Feb 2013. ;http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Unemployment;. Woodhill, Louis. â€Å"U. S. Unemployment: Our Long Economic Nightmare Continues. † Forbes. N. p. , 05 Feb 2013. Web. 6 Feb 2013. ;http://www. forbes. com/sites/louiswoodhill/2013/02/05/u-s-unemployment-our-long-economic-nightmare-continues/;. How to cite Macroecenomics, Essay examples

The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention

Introduction The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) explains that â€Å"each year, traumatic brain injuries contribute a substantial number of deaths and cases of permanent disability† (p. 1). There is a myriad of factors that cause traumatic brain injuries (TBI) but the main causes are violence and road traffic accidents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incidents usually cause anatomical and physiological changes in brain functions thereby causing permanent or temporary changes to the mental system (which may manifest in lifestyle and behavioural changes). Annually, about 21,000 people are treated in Australia for TBI while cases attributed to road accidents are estimated to be about 33% of this population (Rushworth, 2008). The cumulative healthcare cost for the treatment and specialised care of TBI patient s is estimated to be about $180 million (Brain Injury Australia, 2010). By any standard, such figures are high and there is a need to improve the efficiency of treatment and specialised care plans to reduce the health burden that TBI patients have on the Australian healthcare system. From this background, this paper analyses the influences of socio-cultural and psychological factors on patient recovery of TBI. Traumatic Brain injuries after Accidents for Young Adults in Australia This paper has already established that traumatic brain injuries are often caused by road accidents or violence. In Australia, about two-thirds of the total patient population admitted to be suffering from severe or extreme forms of TBI are usually victims of road accidents.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Violence and falls constitute the second most probable cause of TBI-related complications. Majori ty of patients admitted because of TBI related complications are usually young adults aged from 15 years to 25 years (some researchers and medical journals explain that the incidence of TBI among young adults stretch to males aged up to 35 years) (Khan, 2003). The incidence of TBI among young adults is explained to be higher within the male gender because of their high probability to take dangerous risks. The male to female ratio for patients admitted with TBI-related complications in Australia is reported at 4:1 (conservative estimates put this ratio at 3:1) (Khan, 2003). However, such statistics are also true for other regions apart from Australia. Most of the patients admitted usually suffer from short-term loss of memory, and â€Å"life-long impairments in physical, cognitive, behavioural and social functions† (Khan, 2003, p. 1). At worst, these patients die. Factors Influencing the Recovery of TBI Patients Socio-cultural factors Some of the most common socio-cultural fac tors influencing the recovery of TBI patients centre on the role of family and friends in the healing process, education and prevention programs, how the patients cope with their new â€Å"condition† when returning to work and the economic impact that TBI have on patients. Families and Friends Like most long-term illnesses, the recovery process for TBI patients is often influenced by socio-cultural factors such as the input of family and friends. Probably, the most notable contribution of family and friends in a patient’s recovery process is the emotional stability of the patients. Patients with a strong family support are confirmed to be more emotionally stable and suffer a low probability of experiencing depression (Julie et al., 2009). However, family and friend support during TBI patient recovery process is usually complicated by ignorance and misunderstandings which are often caused by a poor understanding of the behavioural impact that TBI has on its victims (Cla ssen et al., 2009).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Essentially, patients suffering from TBI exhibit poor behavioural and antisocial tendencies which may annoy family and friends (thereby creating rift between them). Such an eventuality only worsens the healing process for such patients because they lose the critical family and friend support needed for healing. It is therefore important to prepare family and friends for any anti-social behaviour that may be exhibited by the patients so that they continue to support the patient throughout the recovery process. Returning to Work Patients who have suffered from traumatic brain injuries are usually required to resume their normal duties (which often require them to go to work). Some patients usually struggle to resume their normal work duties because their basic bodily functions have not returned to their full potential. Notably, patients who have suffered from disability experience many difficulties when resuming their normal duties but researchers such as William et al. (2006) point out that the skill-levels of patients is usually the main cause of patient performance at work. Here, unqualified people tend to experience more difficulties returning to work while qualified people tend to have an easier time at this. Occasionally, the ease of difficulty in returning to work has an impact on the patient’s recovery process because the patient’s level of happiness is affected in the process. Patients who experience relative ease in returning to work are happier at the process than patients who have trouble at work. Happier patients tend to have a faster recovery process than unhappy patients (Sol Ibarra-Rovillard and Kuiper, 2011). Economic Effects Earlier sections of this study show that Australia’s healthcare burden is partly caused by the high t reatment and rehabilitation costs for patients with TBI.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Indeed, patients who have suffered from TBI experience huge healthcare bills which stretch from the primary treatment process into the late stages of a patient’s life. Unfortunately, these healthcare costs rise by the day and the economic implication of long-term treatment for TBI patients is significantly high. Nationally, Australia incurs in-excess of $184 million in treatment and rehabilitation processes for patients suffering from TBI-related complications (Harrison, Henley and Helps, 2008). Education and Prevention Programs Doctor NDTV Team (2009) explains that â€Å"prevention is better than cure† (p. 1). This is the main philosophy informing the introduction of education and prevention programs for the prevention of TBI. Indeed, many social organisations and institutions have embarked on serious education and prevention programs to prevent the occurrence of TBI in Australia (by educating young people on the dangers of road accidents, high speed driving and drunk en driving). Even young adults who have been licensed to drive are among the target audience because they constitute the main patient population for TBI (Menon et al., 2010). In the education and prevention programs, young people are encouraged to wear seat belts and helmets (for motorcycles) to prevent the severity of TBI injuries when accidents occur. Different countries have different structures for designing their prevention and education programs but some of the most notable proposals made to improve the effectiveness of these programs are to ensure driving licence renewal is subject to a thorough health analysis, and a frequent approval process. In Australia, such proposals have been voiced and high levels of efficacy in establishing education and prevention programs for TBI have been realised (Maria, 2008). Psychological Factors The most notable psychosocial factors influencing the recovery of TBI patients include substance abuse, depression, aggression and the lack of self c ontrol. They are discussed below Depression, Aggression and Lack of Self-Control Depression, aggression and the lack of self control manifest symptoms of patients who have suffered from TBI. Aggression and self control may be caused by depression but the lack of self control is usually a manifestation of the behavioural changes which victims of TBI exhibit (Silver et al., 2009). Researchers have always affirmed that depression, aggression and the lack of self control may cause a slow-down in the healing process and therefore, it is important for patients to be supported by healthcare providers and their families so that they do not fall victim to any of these symptoms (Khan, 2003). Substance Abuse Substance abuse often has a negative impact on the psychological development of patients. Patients suffering from TBI are not different because researchers such as Fary, Ian and Ian (2003) explain that substance abuse may lead to death. In the context of this study, alcohol abuse stands ou t as a conspicuous issue in TBI incidences because it is estimated that majority of all road traffic accidents are usually caused by alcohol abuse. In fact, global statistics show that about 30%-80% of all TBI road accidents are caused by drunken driving (Khan, 2003). It is from such statistics that this paper highlights the importance of prevention and education programs which are aimed at sensitising the youth against drunken driving. Earlier sections of this paper show that such programs have been carried out in Australia. Conclusion After weighing the findings of this paper, there is a strong indication that TBI stands out as a major health problem in Australia. Its importance is especially manifested by its high incidence among Australia’s most youthful and productive population who contribute immensely to the nation’s development (Shukla, Devi and Agrawal, 2011). There is therefore an urgent need to adopt sound treatment and rehabilitation processes to help TBI p atients have a quick recovery. This paper highlights the importance of socio-cultural and psychological support to achieve this objective. Such support structures are especially important in helping patients recover from extreme TBI but more importantly, it enables patients to exhibit normal behaviours and exude normalcy throughout their healing process. There are several ways that this objective can be achieved but this paper highlights the importance of good communication between patients and family members to improve their emotional stability and ultimately positively influence the patient’s recovery process. To avoid some of the economic implications for treating TBI cases, this paper highlights the importance of prevention and education programs as a way to reduce the high incidence of TBI cases in Australia. Psychosocial factors are also highlighted in this paper as possible influences in a patient’s recovery process from TBI but most importantly; this paper draw s more attention to the influence of alcohol abuse as a prime cause for road accidents, leading to TBI. Ultimately, it is important to embrace positive psychosocial and socio-cultural influences to improve patient recovery of TBI but in the same light, it is important to avoid negative psychosocial and socio-cultural influences that inhibit the same. References Brain Injury Australia. (2010). Annual report 2010. Web. Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012).Traumatic Brain Injury. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/ Classen, S. S., Levy, C. C., McCarthy, D. D., Mann, W. C., Lanford, D. D., Waid-Ebbs, J. (2009). Traumatic brain injury and driving assessment: An evidence-based literature review. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association, 63(5), 580-591. Doctor NDTV Team. (2009). Prevention is better than cure. Web. Fary, K., Ian, J., B., Ian, D. C. (2003). Rehabilitation after tra umatic brain injury.  Rehabilitation Medicine, Med J Aust, 178(6), 290-295. Harrison, J., Henley, G., Helps, Y. (2008). Hospital separations due to traumatic  brain injury, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/injury/hospital-separations-due-to-traumatic-brain-injury/contents/table-of-contents Julie, H., Rena, F., Jake, O. Raphael, G. (2009). Pilot study of the effect of the  Risk Australian Youth and Road Trauma Forum on year 11 high school students. Web. Khan, F. (2003). Rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Retrieved from https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2003/178/6/4-rehabilitation-after-traumatic-brain-injury Maria, T., S. (2008). Driving, Aging, and Traumatic Brain Injury: Integrating Findings From the Literature. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(1), 18–27. Menon, D. K., Schwab, K., Wright, D. W., Maas, A. I. (2010). Position Statement: Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 91(11), 1637-164 0. Rushworth, N. (2008). Brain injury Australia: children, young people and acquired  brain injury. Retrieved from https://www.braininjuryaustralia.org.au/wp-content/uploads//CHILDRENABIFaHCSIA300508.pdf Shukla, D., Devi, B. I., Agrawal, A. (2011). Outcome measures for traumatic brain injury. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery, 113(6), 435-441. Silver, Jonathan, M., McAllister, Thomas, W., Arciniegas, David, B. (2009).Depression a Cognitive Complaints Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. The  American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(6), p. 653. Sol Ibarra-Rovillard, M., Kuiper, A. N., (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, pp. 342–352. William, C., Walker, Jennifer, H. M., Jeffrey, S. K., Tessa, H., Thomas, A. N. (2006). Occupational Categories and Return to Work After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabili tation, 87(12), pp. 1576-1582. This essay on The Centre for Disease Control and Prevention was written and submitted by user Fernanda R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

History of Psychology

History of Psychology Free Online Research Papers People are constantly questioning who they are and where they have come from, these questions can easily be classified as the most common psychological, and at the same time, philosophical ideas that people face each and every day. Psychology and philosophy have much in common, including the fact that they both study human mind that is influenced by historical and cultural forces. Psychology can assist all people to organize their thoughts and gain perspective on possible mental disorders. During the mid 19th century, Wilhelm Wundt, a German physiologist started using scientific research methods to look into reaction times. This is the time when it is said that psychology actually began since this is when Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. In the time since psychology has cut itself off from philosophy. The exploration of psychology was begun with structuralism; this was the idea that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind. This approach had its challenges and for this reason was soon replaced by functionalism. William James was the creator of this new school of thought and eventually led him to become the leading American Psychologist of his time and his principals of psychology made him the father of American Psychology. Functionalism focused on how the human behavior works towards helping people exist comfortably in their respective environments. Functionalists like to use methods such as direct observatio n. Next came Sigmund Freud, Freud took the Psychology field by storm with his ideas of the unconscious human mind being responsible for the majority of psychological disorders. Freud’s work with patients who suffered from ailments such as hysteria led him to believe that our early childhood experiences (Goodwin, C.J.) and our unconscious impulses are what lead us into becoming the individuals that we are as adults. Freud’s thoughts and ideas had such an impact on the 20th century psychology field that he actually influenced the mental well being as well as in many other fields such as art and literature. Behaviorism also emerged during the 20th century and psychology began a dramatic evolution. Behaviorism focused more on the observable behaviors and rejected the previous ideas of the conscious as well as the unconscious mind. Behaviorism became such a dominant force in the field of psychology that this school of thought reigned supreme for almost fifty years. Even though, over time, this school of thought did loose some of its steam the basic principals of behaviorism are still used today. Many therapeutic methods such as behavioral modification are often used to help children overcome maladaptive behaviors and also assist in them learning new skills. Conditioning is another type that is still used in most situations ranging from education to parenting. As we have seen, behaviorism and psychoanalysis dominated the first half of the 20th century but a new school of thought, known to us as humanistic psychology emerged during the latter half of this century. This school of thought was most frequently referred to as the â€Å"third force† in psychology and this theoretical concept lays emphasis on conscious experiences. Throughout time there have been enormous changes throughout the psychology field and there has also been an enormous amount of growth since the days of Wundt. Psychology continues to grow and change as we learn more and more about whom we are and why we are here. Recent psychological research centers mostly on the many aspects of the human behavior and experience, starting at the impact of cultural and social factors and continuing through the biological influences on human behavior. Those who practice in the field of psychology today tend not to classify themselves under one particular school of thought but rather focus on certain specialty perspectives or areas. These individuals usually draw their conclusions from a wide range of theoretical backgrounds. Due to these recent changes we must conclude that the field of psychology will continue to evolve and change throughout time and that we can still add our input to assist in the shaping of the future of this quizzical field. References Goodwin, C.J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed.) Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Research Papers on History of PsychologyThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductGenetic EngineeringStandardized TestingThe Spring and AutumnTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Abroad and Overseas

Abroad and Overseas Abroad and Overseas Abroad and Overseas By Maeve Maddox Lucia Waterman asks: What is the difference between abroad and overseas? When use it? As adverbs meaning out of ones own country, abroad and overseas are used interchangeably, as can be seen in these headlines and the text that follows them: Renewable energy money still going abroad, despite criticism from Congress Money from the 2009 stimulus bill to help support the renewable energy industry continues to flow overseas†¦ Lawyer Barred from Going Abroad Authorities ban a Chinese rights lawyer from traveling overseas. Overseas and abroad can also be used as adjectives, but overseas is used before a noun, while abroad always comes after the word it describes. In an increasingly global economy, overseas employment is becoming a realistic alternative for many people. Thin U.S. job market translates study abroad into work abroad Heres a headline that manages to use both overseas and abroad as adjectives to describe the same noun: Overseas Jobs Abroad, International Jobs in Caribbean Cayman Islands As adverbs, overseas and abroad are not always interchangeable. Travelers from the United States to Canada or Mexico can be said to be going abroad, but it would make little sense to say that they are going overseas. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Five Spelling Rules for "Silent Final E"Phrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Organisation and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Organisation and Management - Essay Example Now the imperative point to understand here is the fact that learning can not only be at the highest level, rather the knowledge management can even take place at the middle cadre and the special trainings help at doing their best as far as the lower level management is concerned. An organization which can learn can understand what are its responsibilities with regards to the society, the environment, its stakeholders and customers, its functions and different processes which have to be looked down up at with a legal and ethical perspective. This means that the organization emancipates its working methodologies in line with its already set values and moral principles. Moreover, it knows what are its obligations and compulsions towards all the above-mentioned. The organization is always willing and eager to learn from its mistakes, ready to bring in newer and fresh processes within its folds and always encouraging its stakeholders and employees to invest more money and time, respectively. Managing an organization is also an important function which comes under the learning principles. It has case studies and best case scenarios to look up to whenever there is a problem or trouble at hand and it knows who the right person is to contact whenever there is some discrepancy within the system. Add to that the organization tries to keep its contacts, no matter in which capacity they are, at a maximal point and always keeps on increasing so as to become a socially active player within the relevant industry. The management aspect also stems from the fact that its knowledge base is intact and knows what is required of it. This knowledge base has the role of continuously improving the systems and working methodologies. It also has the best available middle management employees who know the technical basis of running the organization and whose potential can largely benefit the sound workings of the company. Thus it is very

Payless Shoe Source Paying Less for Fashion Case Study - 1

Payless Shoe Source Paying Less for Fashion - Case Study Example Payless is not the first to chart this territory as retailers such Target and Zellers have tried to peddle high fashion products at everyday prices. This new strategy has allowed Payless to claim to democratize fashion and has given new life to an outdated brand. The method for setting an items value changes when the item is the piece of an item blend. Mostly, firms search at a set of costs that amplifies the benefits on the aggregate item blend where evaluating is troublesome on the grounds that the different items have related request and expenses and face distinctive degrees of rivalry. There is five distinctive item blend evaluating systems that can be utilized for a firm. These are, for example, the product offering valuing, discretionary item pricing, captive-item evaluating, by-item estimating and in conclusion, item package estimating. A pricing approach that considers the brain science of costs and not just the money making concerns; the cost is utilized to say something in regards to the item. For instance, $19.99 or $9.99 kind of "odd costs" that can round of by one final digit number. With the new line and new system, Payless expand the cost of their items. Be that as it may, if the abruptly change their cost by expanding a great deal, clients would not feel good and they wouldn't prefer it whatsoever. Along these lines, they can utilize this sort of technique of Psychological evaluating so as of now expanding of costs, however, make their clients agreeable.

A Review On VBNC Bacteria

A Review On VBNC Bacteria Viable but Non-Culturable (VBNC) state is a unique survival strategy of many bacteria in environment in response to adverse environmental conditions. VBNC bacteria cant be cultured on routine microbiological media but they remain viable and retain their virulent capacity too. VBNC bacteria can be resuscitated when provided with appropriate conditions. A good number of bacteria including many human pathogens have been reported to enter VBNC state. Though, there was disputes on the existence of VBNC in past, extensive molecular studies have resolved most of them and VBNC has been accepted as distinct survival state by all. VBNC bacteria are considered as threats to public health and food safety due to their non-detectability and virulence as food and water have been reported to be contaminated with pathogens at VBNC state though conventional methods declared them as safe and clean. A number of outbreaks have also been reported where VBNC bacteria has been implicated as causative agent. Further molecular and combinatorial research in conjunction with predictive modeling are needed to elucidate the mechanisms and to identify the critical points to tackle the threat posed by VBNC bacteria with regard to public health and food safety. Key words: VBNC, Pathogen, public health, Food safety, Detection Introduction The cells that form colony in specific media are the culturable cells. Viable means metabolically or physiologically active. So the cells those are metabolically or physiologically active but cant be cultured on specific media are the viable but non-culturable cells (VBNC) (Bogosian Bourneuf, 2001). Most microorganisms growing in nature have yet to be cultured in the laboratory. In fact less than 1% of the microorganisms in natural water and soil samples are cultured in viable count procedures (Barcian Arana, 2009). In 1982, Prof. Rita Colwell and co-workers introduced the term Viable But Non-Culturable Bacterial Cells (VBNC) to distinguish particular cells that could not form colonies on solid media but obtained metabolic activity and the ability to elongate after the administration of nutrients (Xu et al., 1982). According to Oliver (1995), VBNC can be defined as a metabolically active bacterial cell that crossed a threshold in this way, for known or unknown reasons and become unable to multiply in or on a medium normally supporting its growth. Most of the bacteria that enter VBNC state are gram negative species belonging to the gamma subclass of the Proteobacteria branch, except for Rhizobium, Agrobacterium and Helicobacter-Campylobacter species (Oliver, 2000). History Debra Bashford and colleagues announced that they had recovered Vibrio cholerae from streams and drainage ditches, including sites with negligible chance of sewage contamination. Around the same lime, Rita Colwell was also finding Vibrio cholerae in Maryland. She and her coworkers showed that both this bacterium and E. coli, incubated in artificial sea water remained viable but lost the capacity to form colonies on culture media (Colwell Grimes, 2000). Soon Salmonella enteritidis, Shigella sonnie and Legionella pneumophila joined the list of organisms known to be capable of entering a state in which they failed to show up on nutrient agar yet took up substrates and signaled in other ways that they were certainly not dead. The use of laboratory media to recover and enumerate bacteria and lo link them with or absolve them from pathological and other activities became obsolete by the new discoveries and a term VBNC (viable but non-culturable) came (McDougald et al., 1998). VBNC Microorganisms that do not grow in culture methods, but which are still metabolically active and capable of causing infections in animals and plants are said to be in VBNC state. Traditional laboratory culture conditions methods cannot meet the requirements of VBNC organisms to resume growth (Yamamoto, 2000). Semi-starved bacteria usually resume growth immediately when appropriate nutrients conditions are provided. Viable but non-culturable cells will not resume growth even when nutrients are provided (NystrÃÆ'-m, 2001). VBNC cells exhibit active metabolism in the form of respiration or fermentation, incorporate radioactive substrates, and have active protein synthesis but cannot be cultured or grown on conventional laboratory media. They have been detected by observing discrepancies between plate count enumeration of bacterial population and direct staining and microscopic counts (Sachidanandham Gin, 2009). These cells may be of particular problems in the environment if they are pathogens, for example, viable but non-culturable cells of Vibrio cholerae, Enteropathogenic E. coli, Legionella pneumophila and various other bacteria have been shown to regain culturability after they have entered the intestinal tracts of animals (Colwell et al., 1996). The VBNC state is defined as a state of dormancy triggered by environmental harsh conditions, such as nutrient starvation (Cook Bolster, 2007), temperature (Besnard et al., 2002), osmotic stress (Asakura et al., 2008), oxygen availability (Kana et al., 2008), several food preservatives (Quirà ³s et al., 2009), heavy metals (Ghezzi Steck, 1999), exposure to white light (Gourmelon et al., 1994) and decontaminating processes, as pasteurization of milk (Gunasekera et al., 2002) and chlorination of wastewater (Oliver, 2005). VBNC state is believed to be a unique survival strategy of bacteria in response to environmental stresses (Oliver, 2010). It is also considered as an important reservoir of many human pathogens in the environment (Lleo et al., 2007). VBNC state has been a matter of dispute for ling since its inception, due to the difficulty of differentiation of VBNC cells dormant cells through resuscitation phenotypic studies, recent molecular studies, data of which supported the existence of VBNC state, the dispute has mostly been put to rest (Barer and Harwood, 1999). VBNC Pathogens Following list includes but not limited to pathogenic bacteria that can enter VBNC state (Oliver, 2010)- Aeromonas hydrophila, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Burkholderia cepacia, Campylobacter jejuni, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli (including EHEC), Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei, Streptococcus faecalis, Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio harveyi, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus (types 1 and 2) Characteristics of Bacteria in VBNC state 1. Maintain apparent cell integrity; 2. possession of some form of measurable cellular activity (Lai et al., 2009); 3. possess apparent capacity to regain culturability (Anuchin et al., 2009); 4. respond to external stimulus by specific gene expression (kell et al., 1998); 5. low metabolic activity (oliver, 2005); 6. Exhibit dwarfing (Costa et al., 1999); 7. reduced nutrient transport; 8. High ATP level and high membrane potential (Signoretto et al., 2000); 9. extensive modifications in cytoplasmic membrane fatty acid compositions (Day Oliver, 2004); 10. Changes in cell wall peptidoglycan such as increasing cross linking, increasing muropeptides bearing covalently bound lipoprotein shortening of average length of glycan strands (signoretto et al., 2002); 11. Higher autolytic capability than exponentially growing cells; 12. Plasmids are retained; 13. changed antibiotic sensitivity as metabolic activity is lower, most bacteria at VBNC state demonstrate high antibiotic resistance (Ol iver, 2010); 14. Changes in outer-membrane protein profile (Muela et al., 2008); 15. Continuous gene expression (Maalej et al., 2004) etc. Conditions stimulating VBNC state In the environment, bacterial cells can enter VBNC state may be due to- 1. Lack of nutrients; 2. Lack of temperatures; 3. High pressure; 4. Sharp changes in pH or salinity (Cunningham et al., 2009); 5.damage to or lack of an essential cellular component; 6. DNA damage; 7. activation of lysogenic phages or suicide genes such as sok/hak or autolysins (Aizenman et al., 1996); 8. Nutrient starvation; 9. incubation outside the normal temperature range of growth; 10. elevated or lower osmotic concentrations; 11. oxygen concentrations (Mascher et al., 2000); 12. food preservatives; 13. Heavy metals (Del Campo et al., 2009); 14. exposure to white light; 15. pasteurization of milk (Gunasekara et al., 2002); 16. chlorination of wastewater (Oliver, 2005) etc. Public health significance of VBNC Though virulence of bacteria in VBNC state is still not very clear, many believed that pathogens in VBNC state are unable to induce infection/disease but still retain their virulent properties has potential to cause disease infection following resuscitation and resume of active metabolic state, which occurs when they pass through host animal (Baffone et al., 2003). The VBNC state appears to be the common to many bacteria especially those which have aquatic habitats, and may represent a mechanism to survive adverse environmental factors as temperature, salinity etc. or have a means of inducing cross protection against other adverse factors (Du et al., 2007). Among these bacteria entering this state are many significant human pathogens and indicator bacteria of these pathogens; such cells may represent a public health hazard and may be a factor in human health and/or disease (Rivers Steck, 2001). Even today, it is still not possible to cultivate most bacterial species directly from the environmental samples or after exposure of previously culturable cells to environmental conditions unfavorable for growth and multiplication in vitro. The passage of VBNC through an appropriate animal host will induce return of culturability. Even these VBNC bacteria retain their pathogenicity and may trigger life in vivo and thus cause severe disease (Sardessai, 2005). Under normal condition it is not possible to culture or detect VBNC. Many diagnostic laboratory set up does not have sufficient molecular facilities to detect VBNC. In case of food and water quality control test, such VBNC may not be detected. Even some indicator of some pathogenic bacteria undergoes VBNC state and may remain undetected (Signoretto et al., 2004). Upon consuming such food or after drinking such water, one may be infected by those VBNC that can trigger life as well as pathogenicity (Adams et al., 2003). Thus, environmental and clinical samples no longer can be considered free from pathogens if culturing yields negative results. For the general public, the presence of VBNC in water and food may be related to low-grade infections or so called aseptic infection. For example, Vibrio cholerae O1 in the surface water remain as non-culturable state. These water sources are used for domestic purpose regularly and posed a risk of infection (Edwards, 2000). When conditions are not favorable for growth then it transforms to the non-culturable state in association with crustacean copepods. Persistence of Vibrio cholerae in water in the VBNC state is an important public health factor, since detection will not be successful if only conventional cultural methods are used (Barer et al., 1993). Similarly, Shigella can undergo VBNC state in water but become a threat when enter in human body. Thus it is important to recognize that non-culturable bacteria are capable of producing diseases. The first evidence of pathogenicity of non-culturable cells was the demonstration of fluid accumulation in rabbit ileal loop assay (RICA) by VBNC Vibrio cholerae O1, followed by human volunteer experiments (Amel et al., 2008). VBNC E. coli non-culturable cells were re-isolated after passage through rabbit ileal loops 4 days post inoculation and chick embryos died when injected with non-culturable cells of Legionella pneumophila, led to the conclusion that VBNC pathogens remain potentially pathogenic. So, VBNC has a huge significance in public health care (Cappelier et al., 2007). Previous studies indicated that a good number of pathogenic bacteria can survive food water treatment processes persist as well as retain virulence in processed food, pasteurized milk, potable water environment (Colwell et al., 2000). Many evidences suggested that recurrent urinary tract infections in many individuals are caused by uropathogenic E. coli cells which remain in VBNC state (Anderson et al., 2004) thus resistant to antibiotic treatment cause reinfection when resuscitate back to active metabolic state (Steck, 2001; Mulvey et al., 2001). Studies also showed that uropathogenic E. coli retain enteropathogenicity at VBNC state through continued production of enterotoxin (Pommepuy et al., 1996). Nilsson et al. (2002) showed that VBNC Helicobacter pylori cells can express virulence factors such as cagA, vacA and vreA. All these above evidence proved that many deathly pathogenic strains not only enter but also persist survive in VBNC state in environment most of them remain infectious as well. VBNC state of foodborne bacteria- a challenge in food safety Many evidences suggested presence of VBNC bacteria in food (Ordax et al., 2009). For example, in stored wine, acetic acid and lactic acid bacteria entered VBNC state as consequence of lack of oxygen and presence of sulphites, respectfully (Millet and Lonvaud-Funel, 2000). Food and its surrounding environment is a complex system, in which physic-chemical characterisitcs (pH, aw, chemical composition) and environmental factors (storage temperature and time, decontamination treatments, packaging under modified atmosphere) act simultaneously on contaminating bacteria (Sun et al., 2008). For example, it has been demonstrated that refrigerated pasteurized grapefruit juice induced VBNC state in E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium within 24 hours of incubation (Nicolo et al., 2011). Again, Gunasekera et al. (2002) reported that in pasteurized milk which have undergone thermal treatment, contaminating bacteria such as E. coli and Pseudomonas putida enter into VBNC state but retained transcription and translation machineries. Several foodborne outbreaks has been reported in Japan, where pathogen such as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (Asakura et al., 2002) and E. coli O157 (Makino et al., 2000) in food in VBNC state were responsible for the outbreak. Therefore, the role of food and treatment for food preservation in induction of VBNC state has to be elucidated. Predicitve models offered by biomathematics and bioinformatics would be very helpful tools, in order to evaluate the possibility that, under certain conditions, pathogen bacteria contaminating a tipology of food may enter the VBNC state (Fakruddin et al., 2012). Methods of detection of VBNC bacteria 1. Bright Field Microscopy with Nalidixic acid For detection of Bright-field or light microscopic is usually used. Cell division inhibitor such as nalidixic acid (20-40 mg/L) is used to stop cell division. After such treatment the viable cells, which actively growing, will be appeared as lengthen and the non-viable/ metabolically inactive cell will remain as it is. The cells are then observed under microscope. Viable cells will be seen as elongated whereas VBNC/ dormant cells will be seen as oval and large. 2. Fluorescent Microscopy Various fluorescent staining procedures are used in combination with other procedure to determine VBNC organisms. Frequently used stains are Acridine orange, 4,6- Diamino-2-phenyl indole (DAPI), Fluorescein isothiocyanante (FITC), Indophenyl-nitrophenyl-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT), 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride (CTC) etc (Villarino et al., 2000). Table: Fluorescent dyes used for detection of VBNC bacteria Dye Mechanism Reaction Acridine orange Acridine orange stain cells depending on the ratio of DNA to protein in the cells Actively reproducing cells appear green but slow-grower or non-reproducing cells at time of staining appear orange Di-amino-phenyl-indole (DAPI) Living cells look green under fluorescent microscope Indophenyl-nitrophenyl-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT) INT deposit red dye in cells that have active dehydrogenase and thus determine which of the observed cells are metabolically active INT react with dehydrogenase enzyme to produce formazone and red color, thus living cells appear red. Nalidixic acid (NA) Lengthen metabolically active cells, VBNC cells remain as it is Cells that are dividing appear to be longer in size than VBNC Fluorescein isothiocyanante (FITC) Enzyme activity in living cell FITC stain living cells violet or blue In recent years, a new differential staining assay, the BacLight ® Live/Dead assay, has been developed. The assay allows to simultaneously count total and viable (metabolically active) cells, by using two nucleic acid stains, that is green-fluorescent SYTO ® 9 stain and red-fluorescent propidium iodide stain. SYTO ® 9 propidium iodide has significant difference in their cell membrane penetration capability. SYTO ® 9 stains both live and dead bacteria whereas propidium iodide penetrates only bacteria having damaged membranes. When used together, propidium iodide reduces SYTO ® 9 fluorescence in staining dead bacteria with damaged membranes. As a result, viable bacteria with intact membranes fluoresce green while dead bacteria with damaged membranes fluoresce red (Rowan, 2011). 3. Gene probe / oligonucleotide probe / hybridization: Molecular analysis can also be used to study non-culturable microorganisms in nature. Oligonucleotide probes of l8-20 nucleotides are proving most useful because they hybridize rapidly to specific DNA sequences of target organisms. These gene probes can reveal closely related organisms or organisms with similar functional capabilities. Especially useful for the analyses of rRNA that demonstrate the presence of diverse microbial populations whose phylogenetic relationships can be ascertained by comparison with rRNA sequences from previously described microorganisms (Josephson et al., 1993). Blotting: There are different types of blotting such as colony blot, slot blot, dot blot and southern blot. The principle of blotting is the use of radio- or non-radioactive or fluorescence labeled probe (DNA/RNA/Antibody) to detect VBNC cells directly from the environmental samples. Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH): In situ hybridization is an alternative format for hybridization probes in which fluorescence labeled DNA or RNA probes are hybridized with target nucleic acids in whole, permeabilized cells. The application of this method to the detection of single microbial cells by using rRNA-targeted probes in combination with epifluorescent microscopy has been developed. This is done through selective targeting of regions of rRNA, which consist of conserved and variable nucleotide regions. By choosing the appropriate rRNA probe sequence, FISH can be used to detect all bacterial cells (a universal probe) or a single population of cells (a strain specific probe) of VBNC. It has lower sensitivity and cannot distinguish live and dead cells. 4. Molecular techniques: Hybridization probes and DNA/RNA amplification: Hybridization probes are nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) which have been (a) chemically or radioactively labeled and are used to detect complementary target DNA/RNA. Hybridization assay DNA/ RNA probes form a stable double stranded structure with target nucleic acid via H-bonding between complementary bases. Amplification of targets: DNA Based methods: Specific amplification of DNA targets in bulk DNA extracts from environmental and clinical samples permits detection of specific organisms or groups of related organisms without the need to cultivate them. DNA recovery procedures do not discriminate between culturable and non-culturable forms of the target organisms- all cells with intact amplification targets will be detected. Confocal laser microscopy in combination with fluorescence-based hybridization assays, also provide a more sensitive method for detecting and identifying VBNC organisms. RNA based methods: Due to the failure of distinguishing between dead or live cells by DNA-based methods, the mRNA level may be a valuable estimate of gene expression and/or cell viability under different conditions (Lleo et al., 2000). RT-PCR: RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase PCR) can distinguish between Live and dead cell. This is possible because this is an mRNA based method and mRNA is short lived (half-life less than 1 minute), mRNA is only present in metabolically active cells, not found in nature after the cell death. By this method we can study community relationship and can also detect non-culturable but active or live cells. DNase enzyme is used during the isolation of RNA from environmental samples. Reverse transcriptase and random primers are added to the reaction mixture and the RNA in the sample (both RNA and rRNA) is transcribed into DNA. PCR is then use to amplify the specific sequence of interest (Pai et al., 2000). Is the concept of VBNC is a misnomer? By extending the concept of bacterial self-suicide scientists tried to explain what happens when cells are exposed to chemical and physical injury (Forsman et al., 2000). Thus VBNC organisms came alongside with those, which do not grow in ordinary media but which do grow when offered selective or enrichment media. They said, Such cells are not un-culturable they wrote We are simply failing to provide appropriate conditions to support culture (Sinton, 2006). The reasons, which made the term, VBNC a misnomer are as follow: 1. VBNC bacteria semi-starved bacteria very often mimic each other. Semi-starved bacteria resume growth if provided with appropriate nutrients conditions. But viable but non-culturable bacteria do not resume growth even though nutrients are provided. VBNC cells become too starved to grow on nutrient rich medium directly. This phenomenon resembles a widely accepted condition termed substrate accelerated death (Heim et al., 2002). These starved VBNC cells require an adjustment period to allow phenotypic adaptation back to normal growth state (Epstein, 2009). Sudden shift to nutrient enriched media imbalances metabolic networks of the cells resulting formation of DNA damage agents such as super-oxide free radicals causing cell death (Barer Harwood, 1997). 2. There is yet no complete and perfect media to isolate arid culture all the organisms from environment. 3. Cells are usually-injured or stressed or starved condition in natural environment. So complete system has been devised to enrich or resuscitated the VBNC cells. Culture condition that can be applied in laboratory is not sufficient to recover all microorganisms i.e. yet it is not possible to provide or stimulate exact environmental conditions in the laboratory. Conclusion From the above discussions, it is evident that a number of non-spore forming human pathogenic bacteria enter VBNC state with maintained cellular structure biology persistent gene expression but remain non-culturable by traditional cultural techniques. Thet can survive revert to culturable conditions when provided with appropriate conditions. It is also evident that VBNC bacteria pose significant threat to both public health and food safety. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanism to combat the threat of VBNC in future.

The Disadvantages That Confront E-Mango.Com If It Does Not Leverage the Competitive Value of the Internet.

Leveraging the competitive value of the Internet Physical inventories have always been a major cost component of business. Linking to suppliers in real time dramatically enhances the classic goal of inventory â€Å"turn. † The Internet provides a multitude of opportunities for radically reducing the costs of designing, manufacturing, and selling goods and services. E-mango. com, a fruit emarketplace, must take advantage of these opportunities or find itself at a significant competitive disadvantage. Identify the disadvantages that confront E-mango. om if it does not leverage the competitive value of the Internet. Case study Considering that E-mango. com is an online store and it also has a small store outlet which provides all kinds of fruits. a. Fresh fruits b. Dry fruits c. Fruit products such as jams, jellies, fruit syrup etc. In today’s world Internet has become a major source for marketing. Ebusiness is the conducting of business on the Internet, not only buying an d selling, but also serving customers and collaborating with business partners. Electronic business methods enable companies to link their internal and external data processing systems more efficiently and flexibly, to work more closely with suppliers and partners, and to better satisfy the needs and expectations of their customers. Each and every business are now marketing their business through Internet, as it save time and cost and reaches a large number of customers in short span of time If Emango. com is not using the trends of today’s world i. e. if the website is not making use of the various facilities in the Internet for marketing their goods then they may have to face lot of challenges. Being a fruit emarketplace, the goods need to be sold out as soon as possible. It also has other competitors who own a fruit emarketplace which makes it difficult to survive. Internet could provide a lot of advantages such as managing the cost, produce profit by the people visiting the website, reach to a lot of people and thus increase the business, provide an e-catalog for the customers thus enabling them to shop easier etc. The costs of not doing e-business include loss of customers to competitors with good websites and loss of potential revenue. The major areas affected without proper use of Internet in Business has been listed. 1. Convenience A visit to a store requires travel and must take place during business hours whereas online stores are available 24 hours a day, where business could be made at any hour of the day. Nowadays Internet access is available at home and office, so shopping would be easier if they are able to shop online. Online stores would be having e-catalog which provides the pictures and prices of the goods available which increases customers ease for shopping. Without a proper website maintained, customers need to come to the stores and search for the fruits, which is time consuming and this would initiate a customer to buy goods through another store which has a well maintained website. The websites will also be having pop-ups of the clearance and the deals for the day which will attract more customers. There are also online transactions which are fast. It can help improve the speed and accuracy of transactions. So as long as there is no proper usage of Internet the income would be less as customers would move to stores which provides a good business . The advantage of having a well maintained website is also that they can display pictures of fruits along with their nutritional benefits and how they contribute to the health, which fruit would taste good as juice and which would taste good as raw etc. Along with business customers would be able to gain a lot of information’s also, thus the competition for emango. com would always be high. Customers would prefer a better online business which is provided by others. 2. Cost-Effective Marketing and Promotion Using the web to market products guarantees to reach large number of customers at a nominal price. The cost of conducting business in Internet is substantially smaller than the traditional forms of business communication. Advertising techniques like pay per click advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually viewed. As it is fruit store only dry fruits and fruit products need to ship to far distances. Most of the shipment would be around the local area thus it is cost effective(the local shipment would be similar to that of pap johns). Customers would prefer to have such an online store. The fruits could be bought in bulk or in small quantity. All these could be lacking for the emango. om thus causing loss. The emango. com would not be able to reach its customers and market in an easier way than the Internet. 3. Customer Service Customer service is the most important factor in every business. With an online service the supplier could provide an improved customer service. As the customer enters the website they could be greeted by a pop-u p chat window. Many websites now provide an online chat, where the customers could chat with a customer care executive and clarify all the doubts about the products or any other details. Even the customer could contact the customer service executive through phone which is a 24Ãâ€"7 service. Making customers happy is the important factor for improving the business and to gain benefits. All these customer services could not be provided if the Internet is not being utilized. 4. Selection The main advantage of a website is being able to quickly seek out deals for items or services. The deals and discounts could also be viewed as soon as we enter the website. Electronic catalogs and web pages present customers with updated information in real time about goods, services and prices. As with other aspects of ebusiness, it is important to match electronic catalog design and functionality to a company’s business goals. This ease of ecatalogs cannot be provided without proper use on Internet. 5. Reviews The customers could provide the reviews about the products in the website, which would help to know the views of customer and improve the business. Also with the Internet, it’s easier to summarize and analyze information about customers visiting and buying the website. This information can be used to modify promotional strategies to maximize sales. If there is no proper use of Internet this would not be possible. The rivalry for the E-mango. com is high as it they are not properlyusing the Internet for the better business. The competitors would gain high profit with a better website and better e-business technology. Thus the website e-mango. com needs to enhance itself with the various techniques provided by the internet to attract customers and increase profit. Waiting too long to move in to the track of e-business may cause E-mango. com to lose its place in line entirely. References http://e-business-guide. net/advantages-internet-business-explained. html http://onlinebusiness. volusion. com/articles/e-business-advantages/ http://www. enetsc. com/ebusinessarticles. html

Westminster College PA Admissions SAT, Admit Rate...

Poverty Is A Global Issue - 1448 Words

Poverty is a global issue known by many people, it affects people in many ways, and can be considered a constant battle. The war on poverty has been ongoing for many years not only in the United States, but also amongst various countries. A significant country dealing with poverty is South Africa, which has struggled to provide jobs, education, and social security, to its people for numerous years. Moreover, the same applies to countries like the United States. Our first impression is that the United States is not poor; however, the country does have its weak side. According to New York Times, writer Mark R. Rank, researched that 40 percent of Americans ages 25 to 60 live below the poverty line for at least a year (Rank). To have a better understanding on the topic of poverty, this paper will provide information on some of the causes of poverty, such as lack of education. Poor education systems being offered to young children are inadvertently leading to unemployment or low-income i n the United States and South Africa. There are different arguments for poverty s root causes, however, after exploring different suggestions and useful resources from a wide variety of sources, it seems that education in fact does play the main role in causing poverty. Other causes and effects of poverty in South Africa and in the United States will be presented, along with possible solutions and ideas that may improve life for the people. The lack of a proper education seems to be theShow MoreRelatedPoverty Is A Global Issue2393 Words   |  10 PagesEvery city has poverty. Travel around the world, I bet it wouldn’t be difficult to find a city that doesn t have an impoverished community. Poverty is a global issue, but most importantly it’s a local issue to me in the city that I live in. Among the 10 largest cities in America, Chicago has the third highest poverty rate with 40-60% of our residents living under the poverty level. People who live in poverty are given l ess opportunities, resources and tools than people who live in the middle orRead MoreWorld poverty is a complex global issue that varies depending on where you live. Many Americans1900 Words   |  8 PagesWorld poverty is a complex global issue that varies depending on where you live. Many Americans take for granted shelter, food, and water. While, in third world countries these three elements are difficult to obtain for the necessities of their survival. Unless there is a cultural and behavioral change in our society regarding world poverty, poverty rates will continue to rise. Poverty is affecting thousands of people in the United States; this impact is changing the quality of life for familiesRead MorePoverty : An Effective Means Of Population Control897 Words   |  4 Pagesless fortunate and how they get there. As we learn more about the poverty-stricken, we can understand them better to aid them and break the cycle. Overwhelming amounts of people do not realize the global pandemic that poverty is today. The statistics are heartbreaking. Over half of the children in the world live in poverty, and there are nearly 2.2 billion children in the world. Campaigns have been established to recognize poverty globally. The effectiveness of these campaigns remains relativelyRead MoreExtreme Poverty : Chronic Poverty Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesExtreme Poverty Nathan Larson Northcentral Technical College â€Æ' Introduction ïÆ'Ëœ What is Extreme Poverty? What if you had a chance to save a person? Most would react quickly if given the chance to save another life especially a child’s life. In fact, it is estimated that 16,000 under the age of five die every day due to causes associated with extreme poverty. That is nearly 750 children an hour. The causes of the deaths include insufficient nutrition, lack of access to clean water, no health careRead MoreGlobal Health Organization System Of The United Nations1353 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Global health care continues to evolve as countries develop and also improve medical technology and treatments for diseases. Medical teams from developed countries continue to work in developing countries to treat patients and train locals with the medical skills they will need in order to help those in their community. The World Health Organization (WHO) is constantly monitoring and taking the lead when it comes to providing the health care that so many countries desperately needRead MoreWhich Do You Think Would Help The Citizens Of The WorldS Poorest Nations More, Increasing Foreign Aid Or Removing All The Agricultural Tariffs And Subsidies?1069 Words   |  4 Pagesor removing all the agricultural tariffs and subsidies? The latter would help them more. Heres why, in researching global poverty one can come across startling statistics, e.g. almost half the people in the world live on less than $2.50 a day (Shah, 2011), 1 out of every 2 children live in poverty (Shah, 2010); spea king of children, 1 child will die every 4 seconds due to poverty, easily preventable diseases and illnesses, and other related causes (Shah, 2010), the GDP of the 41 Heavily IndebtedRead MoreImpact of Agricultural Trade liberalization on Poverty in Latin America1300 Words   |  6 Pagesliberalization on Poverty in Latin America Historically the agricultural sector has been an important sector for the economies of Latin America because of this the issue of global agricultural trade liberalization has been a hotly contested issue. Some suggest it may harm Latin American countries and increase poverty by opening up the sector to foreign competition from more technological advanced nations. Others have argued that it will increase economic competitiveness and reduce poverty by promotingRead MorePoverty And Poverty1721 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, poverty has become an issue that is growing drastically and more people are starting to succumb to it and are falling below the poverty line. Poverty is like an epidemic that is constantly spreading because it has many causes to it. Poverty is the faceless enemy that exists in today’s society and targets those who are incapable of fighting against it and those who cannot support themselves. It is a never-ending nightmare of living life in hunger, with out shelter, being exposed toRead MoreGlobal Poverty Essay example1162 Words   |  5 PagesPoverty has become a crucial fact worldwide and has a great influence on economic development. Foreign aid from wealthy regions has been dedicated to reducing poverty. Before delving into the argument, it is necessary to clarify the term â€Å"western countries† and â€Å"global poverty†. Western countries refer to the most developed countries which have in common a high standard of living for most of the residents, such as the United States, most European countries and Australia. Global poverty in this essayRead MoreThe Global Politics Of The United States And The European Union1667 Words   |  7 PagesThe global politics in today’s world is characterized by the dominance of the United States and the European Union, and the rising power of China enabled by its rapid economic development. Since the conclusion of the Second World War in 1945, no conflict has occurred o n a global level. Despite some regional warfare, the world after 1945 has provided many countries with a relatively stable environment for development. Various advancements in technology have flourished in this environment, such as